LAFEXERCISES12

Lesson twelve                                                 Linkwords

Here is a list of linkwords you will need in your linguistic competence exercises and your essays.

All the same : malgré tout, malgré cela, quand même (restriction)

She has to work at night to pay for her studies; all the same, she is one of our best students.

I’ll do it all the same.

Although (though): bien que (concession)

Although she was tired very tired, she came to my party.

As:

1. comme (cause)
2. comme (comparaison)
3. comme, alors que, au moment où (temps)
4. bien que, si….que (concession)

1. As I was unable to choose between the two, I bought both.
2. Do as you are told.
3. As I was working in my room, I heard a noise in the living room.
4. Much as she wanted a silk dress, she never could buy herself one.

Attractive as she may have been, I didn’t like her.

As (so) long as: pourvu que (condition)

I don’t object to your smoking as (so) long as you don’t smoke here.

As soon as: dès que (temps)

As soon as Titi appeared on the stage, the students started screaming.

As though: comme si (comparaison)

She behaved as though she was the owner of the house.

Because of: à cause de (cause)

Fewer and fewer people go to the cinema today; it’s all because of television.

Besides:

1. en outre, d’ailleurs (addition)
2. en plus de (addition)

1. It’s too late, besides, I’m tired.
2. I’ve got two other computers besides this one.

Consequently: par conséquent (conséquence)

You worked very hard; consequently you are top of your class.

Despite (in spite of): malgré, en dépit de, nonobstant (concession, restriction)

Despite his having a lot of money, he never shows off.

Even  though:

1. though: bien que (concession)
2. even if: même si (condition)

1. Even though she is my colleague, we are not very close.
2. Even though I tried, our relationship did not get any better.

-         ever (whoever, whatever, etc.): qui/quoi que ce soit, etc. (concession).

However hard she worked, she never got good grades.

For:

1. car, pour (cause)
2. depuis, pendant (temps)
3. for….to: pour (but)

1. Don’t blame him for he is still very young.
2. He has been a teacher for ten years.
3. I have bought some soda for you to drink on the train.

Furthermore (moreover, what is more): en outre, de plus, du reste, d’autre part, par ailleurs, qui plus est (addition)

I’d rather live in Dakar than St Louis because it is the capital and furthermore there’s more money there.

In addition: en outre, en plus, de plus, de surcroît (addition)

In addition to his disease, he has just lost his job.

In case: au cas où (hypothèse).

I have some money in case we need it.

In order (not) to: pour (ne pas), afin de (ne pas) (but).

He learns English in order to travel to the USA.

In the meantime, meanwhile: pendant ce temps (temps)

She was busy; in the meantime, the boy managed to steal some mangoes.

Nevertheless, nonetheless: pourtant, néanmoins (concession)

He has lost his job, nevertheless, he lives very comfortably.

No matter what, where, who, etc. (whatever, wherever, etc.): quoi que ce soit, où que ce soit, etc.(concession)

No matter what you do, or how rich you become, you shouldn’t forget your origins.

On condition that (provided, providing that): à condition que (condition)

I will help you, on condition that you trust me.

Or else, otherwise: sinon (condition négative)

Don’t go, or else you’ll lose your seat.

This car is very old, but otherwise it’s very comfortable.

Owing to: en raison de, à cause de (cause).

Owing to bad weather conditions, the picnic had to be postponed.

Since

1. puisque (cause)
2. depuis (temps)

1. Since you get on well, why don’t you live together?
2. She has been working hard since the beginning of the year.

So: donc (conséquence)

He was tired, so he went to bed.

So as (not) to: de façon à (ne pas) (but)

He locked himself up so as not to be disturbed.

So that:

1. pour que, de façon que (but)

2. si bien que, de sorte que (conséquence)

1. Would you mind moving a little so that I can sit here?

2. We have new elements about the affair so that we’ll have to reconsider our position.

Still: pourtant, cependant (concession)

I often forget to water that plant, still it grows.

Suppose, supposing: supposons que (hypothèse)

Suppose you hadn’t won all this money, what would have happened?

That’s why: c’est pourquoi (cause)

He is ill, that’s why he walks like this.

Therefore: par conséquent (conséquence)

I never get good grades; therefore, I don’t see why I should make more of an effort.

Until (till): jusqu’à (ce que) (temps)

They danced until (till) three o’clock.

Unless: à moins que (condition négative)

You can’t get on the bus unless you pay.

Unlike: à l’inverse de, contrairement à, à la différence de (contraste, opposition)

Unlike her husband, she is very nice.

Whereas: alors que (contraste)

She is very tall whereas her sister is short.

Whether (…or): si (supposition)

I wonder whether he’ll come.

I can’t decide whether I’ll stay here or I’ll move to Dakar.

While: tant que, aussi longtemps que (temps)

There will be a lot of mosquitoes while this heat wave lasts.

Yet:

1. déjà (temps)    2. encore (temps)    3. cependant, pourtant.

1. Has he arrived yet?

2. I have written down the names of the people yet to be contacted.

3. He can speak English fluently, and yet he has never been to school.

Exercise: Fill in the blanks using the most suitable linkword(s).

1. I will learn………………I am alive.
2. ………………….the results have not been published yet.
3. It was raining hard…………………..we kept on playing.
4. Not all Senegalese like fish and rice………………what most foreigners believe.
5. Children, you should learn your lessons……………..talking.
6. We gave her money all the time ………………..she was never satisfied.
7. Lamine broke his leg,……………………he can’t play today.
8. My exam is next week, so………………I am doing a lot of revisions.
9. ………………………..what we say, she never obeys.
10. …………………..it was raining hard, we went on playing.
11. We went on playing………………………..the rain.
12. I didn’t get the job……………….I had the necessary qualifications.
13. She is a very good cook…………..her sister who can’t even boil water.
14. Nafi was given the job…………….there was no other applicant.
15. Our countries have to work hard……….they’ll never be developed.
16. My father allows me to go out at the weekend………….I don’t stay out late.
17. You can’t go to University…………..you have your Baccalaureat.
18. I prefer LAF because the teachers are good and…………….it’s an all-girls school.
19. I work two jobs………………..make a lot of money at the end of the month.
20. I often babysit my younger brother……………my parents can go out.
21. He has a lot of money, and…………….he lives like a beggar.
22. AIDS is……………….terrible……..there is no cure to the disease.
23. …………his past, everybody suspected him when the crime was committed.
24. I think……………I am.
25. ……………….he has a lot of money, he lives like a beggar.
26. You can wait here……………..my brother comes back from work.
27. We were……….late………….we missed the first part of the performance.
28. …………………being ill, she insisted on coming to my party.
29. ……….we went to the mosque,…….we killed the sheep, and……we had a barbecue.
30. It seems…………..I work……………money I make.